Emmett Hunt's Diary Entry for September 30, 1885

Calm and cloudy.  Wooded the Queen and tinkered around some preparatory to taking a short vacation.

© 2012 Harbor History Museum. All rights reserved.

You're only an Hour away from History

You're only an Hour away from History 

Because of that hour and all the hours that proceeded it, history is not normally our top priority.  But it is interesting to think about, however briefly.  Some of us are closer to history because of our hobbies, reading, art and music interests.  I doubt however that we really think about the fact that the history contained in the subject.

I’ve been mulling over questions about when people first become interested in history and why for the past several months.  So finally I decided to ask the various staff members at the Harbor History Museum four basic questions.  If i could, I would also like to ask each of your readers the same questions.  

1. How did you first become interested in history?
2. What did you discover to be the most significant way to learn the specific history topics that intrigued you the most?
3. Does everyone interpret history the same way?
4. How do you think history will be recorded in the future?

All of the answers to those questions follow in the person’s own words.  I have not edited their words in any way.  All are anonymous,.

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1.  How did you first become interested in history?  

“I was an art history major in college and loved it although oddly I never found regular history that interesting. When I started working at the museum I was fascinated with the families who settled here and that their roots are still deep in the community.  Coming from Los Angeles, no one has local roots as they all come from somewhere else.

2.  What did you discover to be the most significant way to learn the specific history topics that intrigued you the most?

“I love doing searches on the internet and find Ancestry.com a wonderful tool when doing research for my exhibits. It's fun to jump love into the "rabbit hole" and find interesting topics to share that I call "Did You Know..."  I had 6 or so in "The Netsheds" and had about 20 in "Fitting In" from corsets to women drivers and plan to do more for the November exhibit "An Excellent Little Bay: the First 100 Years." It's a huge project but shaping together nicely.

3.  Does everyone interpret history the same way?

4.  How do you think history will be recorded in the future?

“Who knows how history will be recorded in the future? Look how much technology has advanced in our life time. From radio to television to streaming and storing data in a "cloud."

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“How did you first become interested in history?  

“8th grade history class, Civil War History/Colonial Williamsburg.  Took a vacation with my dad to all Civil War Battlefields on East Coast summer of 9th grade.

What did you discover to be the most significant way to learn the specific history topics 

that intrigued you the most?  

“Visiting the actual Battlefields, seeing with my own eyes. Tour guides at museums.

Does everyone interpret history the same?  

“I would say “no” as beauty is in the eye of the beholder, and like art, everyone has their own taste.

How do you think history will be recorded in the future?  

digitally archived.”

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“1.  How did you first become interested in history? 

“

I had a fantastic US history teacher when I was a junior in high school back in 1970.  Before that, I just wasn't that interested. I think when people see a correlation between the past and how it effects their lives, they get interested. The 60s and 70s were a volatile  time in American history. This teacher helped me to understand how the Vietnam war was more than a conflict necessary to stop the spread of communism, the events that staged the war happened decades ago.

I began talking to my father who was a world war II vet and we talked about the war and other historical events the rest of his life. 

2.   What did you discover to be the most significant way to learn the specific history topics that intrigued you the most? 

“One on one  talking to people who have lived through a significant event or era. I also love historical fiction, and Museums.

3.  Does everyone interpret history the same way?

No, just like people who have witnessed the same event but saw it in another way.

4.  How do you think history will be recorded in the future? Much the same way it's recorded now. “

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“1.  How did you first become interested in history?

     In all honesty I cannot remember a time that I was not interested in history. I have always enjoyed reading autobiographies, visiting historical sites, and look through old photo albums to name a few. 

2.   What did you discover to be the most significant way to learn the specific history topics that intrigued you the most?

      I like to read up on a place before I visit, that way I maximize my time there. So I suppose light research and then visiting the location or viewing an item from that time period works best for me. 

3.  Does everyone interpret history the same way?

     I don’t think everyone interprets history in the same way. This for me, is an opportunity to be creative in the distribution of a certain subject.  

4.  How do you think history will be recorded in the future?

     I think currently, most humans see the importance of leaving behind a paper trail for the future, that even the minute could be viewed as interesting, and of course the oversaturation of taking photographs.  Between social media and the Cloud I think there will be more history being secured for future generation than ever before.”

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1.  How did you first become interested in history?

“I first became interested in history as a middle school student - probably around 12 years old. I was homeschooled, and my teacher aka "Mom," felt it was important to incorporate as much history - local, state, regional, national, worldwide, etc., to our curriculum, and she did that through lots of field trips and encouraging us to read, research, and write about our findings. I loved it, and looked forward to every trip to a museum, battlefield, historic site, cultural center, etc. I took that passion to college and pursued a career in museums, history, and research. I love coming into work - everyday, exposed to some form of history.

2.   What did you discover to be the most significant way to learn the specific history topics that intrigued you the most? 

“I feel that I have had the opportunity to be in a really key point in history per the learning of the subject. The internet wasn't available as a resource to me as a young researcher, and in fact, as an undergrad, we were not permitted to use online resources to conduct or support our research. It was so new, and we were all learning about its use, accuracy, and validity, that we were still directed to conduct "traditional," resources. There didn't even seem to be a decided upon way to cite sources one found online. So, my first round of higher education, I learned the traditional way - books, encyclopedias, primary sources, archives, libraries, courthouse documents......all in hard copy. However, when I got to graduate school, it was the complete opposite - online resources were the way to go. I feel that living during this time of huge technological transition has given me a great understanding (and practical knowledge) of conducting historical research, and being aware of and familiar to all forms of source discovery. 

It is really hard to pick a favorite topic to study, but one that I have been working on recently is on Scandanavian culture, ancestry and genealogy. I don't speak Swedish fluently, so it's been a challenge for me to translate primary source documents. I have had to teach myself and stumble through use of translation apps. The greatest resource I found in my search for getting the information I needed has been Facebook (to my surprise). I have joined a few Swedish genealogy groups, and asked for their assistance in translation, and also accessing some of the Scandinavian records repository services like ArkivDigital that I do not have access to. The members of these groups have been thoroughly helpful and enthusiastic in leading me to materials and information I have been seeking. I literally feel like doors that had been locked forever, have suddenly opened to sunlight on the other side! It has been very exciting, and I never thought I would find those resources on Facebook, of all places! 

3.  Does everyone interpret history the same way? 

“No! Just like each person has their own distinct personality, we all have our own way of researching and interpreting history. Some base their interpretations on factual, primary source, written material, while others rely on memory. Both are important in the interpretation of history, and both are necessary. We as historians though, must use our logical thought process plus documentation to effectively (and accurately) tell a story. We also have to be open to the fact that someone may find another source that will prove that our interpretation is incorrect, and we need to take that in stride. 

Although, there are always exceptions to the rule! Think of Ellis Island. Thousands of immigrants came into the united States daily. Each of them met with a clerk who wrote down their name in a ledger. Some of the immigrants were illiterate and had never spelled their names before, so could not offer the correct spelling to the clerk. The clerk jotted down the phonetic spelling. Hence, Bandzack became Banzik, Bandchuck, and Bendzik (my Gr Grandfather) on a variety of vital records. Now, as I research them, I have to look at all documents, analyze what I can, and attempt to locate foreign vital records, learn from family memory, and make my deduction based upon all the sources I locate. I may still even make a mistake in that process. 

Historical research is all about using your thinking and deduction skills to their full potential! 

4.  How do you think history will be recorded in the future? 

“I think that every generation is always going to produce scholars and historians who's purpose and mission will be to record and teach an accurate form of history. They, just like today, will not always agree with each other, and the opportunity for clarity or to disprove will always be there - that's what keeps historians in business. That being said, I do feel like the method of record has already shifted to an electronic documentation system (which I will never fully accept as I have a sense of security in hard copy materials). However, the archives we currently have access to around the world - 500 year old medical textbooks, DaVinci's scientific analysis, a Sandborn map from 1890 - are not going anywhere. Those items will be preserved, however, method of access will be more likely, electronic. We will (I think) never stop collecting. It's human nature. We will always have a place to go to turn the pages of history (literally).

We will also still value primary source documents, but the various musings, theories, and personal accounts of authors who write blogs, social media posts, and even create "history" memes, will always need to be viewed them with some form of analytic skepticism. However, historians already know that. It's part of the fun. 

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1.  How did you first become interested in history?

I have been interested in history as long as I can remember. All the books that I read when I was little were historical fiction and although I studied literature and languages in school, my interest in them always had a historical angle to them: how people lived, what their lives were like, and how they saw the world. 

2.   What did you discover to be the most significant way to learn the specific history topics that intrigued you the most?

For me, reading fiction has been a great way to learn about specific historical topics. A well-researched historical fiction novel can rival even the best non-fiction book in factual accuracy, plus novels often do a better job of delving into the actual experience of daily life. Of course, I also love a good field trip to a historical site! Being in a place tells you so much about the history of it. 

3.  Does everyone interpret history the same way?

No, we all have our own interpretations of history. Everyone views the world through their own unique perspective and that perspective always informs how we interpret things. That is why it is so important when studying history to seek multiple sources in your research, and then share your ideas with others and get their input. You never know what you will learn!

4.  How do you think history will be recorded in the future?

That is a great question! There is no way to know for sure. Digitization may be the wave of the future for historical records, but I think it is equally important to have strong traditional archival practices in order to provide additional security.

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1.  How did you first become interested in history?

On family trips to New York City and Washington, DC during my childhood involving visits to the American Museum of Natural History, the Smithsonian, Civil War battlefields etc. I grew up in upstate New York where history "lived" all around us in the old buildings, street/location names, Revolutionary War battle sites, etc.

2.   What did you discover to be the most significant way to learn the specific history topics that intrigued you the most?

As a child (in the stone age!) it was the library and visits to historical sites where I enjoyed historical re-enactments. Now, of course, the internet/Google and visiting specific historical venues.

3.  Does everyone interpret history the same way?

I think we all have our own perspectives which color our interpretations. 

4.  How do you think history will be recorded in the future?

Probably electronically and/or in ways I can't imagine!

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1. How did you first become interested in history?

“ My family moved to Washington D.C. shortly after Kennedy's assassination.  As a young teenager I would ride the bus from our home in Alexandria, into Washington and go through the Museums.  I would spend most of my weekends for the four years we lived there going to monuments, galleries and museums.  In school, history was a subject every year, and we would take field trips to historical sites, such as Mt. Vernon, Gettysburg, etc.  

2. What did you discover to be the most significant way to learn the specific history topics that intrigued you the most?

“ Going to the sites where the history happened.  I felt the haunt at Gettysburg, though too young to really know what the odd feeling was.  I felt it at Custer's Last Stand and again in Pearl Harbor.  I believe seeing where a historical event has happened is the most significant way to learn and feel history.  Museums are a great way to learn history, although only a slice of the pie.  After I was hired at this museum, I realize that if a family doesn't donate their story, then they go unrecorded.  Too many stories are lost because people are unaware of this.  

3. Does everyone interpret history the same way?

“ Absolutely not.  History is interpreted by each person's own perspective.  Look at how our presidents histories are rewritten after their term in office.  Some who have been just plain dogs in office are put on pedestals.

4. How do you think history will be recorded in the future?

“ With all the visual equipment available, probably with much more accuracy.  Almost the entire population has a recording device of some sort with their phone, either audibly or visually.  I think there is a growing keen interest in peoples own histories with the companies for DNA.  My uncle traipsed all over Europe and East Coast cemeteries filling in his family tree, now it is on line.   

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1.  How did you first become interested in history?

When I got a book about World War 2.

2.   What did you discover to be the most significant way to learn the specific history topics that intrigued you the most?

Read all kinds of books and look at websites.

3.  Does everyone interpret history the same way?

No

4.  How do you think history will be recorded in the future?

I think that they will use computers to record.

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1.  How did you first become interested in history?

- early 20's in search of the source of civilization and prior human associations.

2.   What did you discover to be the most significant way to learn the specific history topics that intrigued you the most?

- associations to other facts/events of the topic drawing new perspectives.

3.  Does everyone interpret history the same way?

- cosmology , traditions and experiences tints current and future conditions.

4.  How do you think history will be recorded in the future?

- thoughts transferred to an amorphous cloud bank in multiple locations.

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Now, dear Readers, should you feel like answering those simple questions please go to the comment section of this blog.  There you can record your answers.  Rather than just being a silly Q&A game it does, in the form of the questions and especially from the answers, inform and help people in the museum world better understand their public.  

If you feel your answers are to lengthy to put in the comment section of the blog, you can go to Harbor History Museum, and on the right hand side, click on ABOUT, then on CONTACT US.  That will open the contact information so that you can either drop us a line, or click on contact us here and send us your answers.  Or any other comments regarding the Harbor History Museum. 

Thank you!

© 2012 Harbor History Museum. All rights reserved.

Emmett Hunt's Diary Entry for September 23, 1885

A few light showers, otherwise fair.  Fooled away nearly all day in trying to get a run to Blakely, only to find that I am too late too slow too dumb.

© 2012 Harbor History Museum. All rights reserved.

Emmett Hunt's Diary Entry for September 16, 1885

Quite pleasant all day.  Did some work on the rowboat.  Some repairing on sow(?) and some time in delivering freight.

© 2012 Harbor History Museum. All rights reserved.

Kenneth Leo Marvin (June 21, 1921-September 15, 2006)

I thought I might republish this blog on Kenneth Leo Marvin which originally published on August 5, 2015 as a companion piece to the current temporary exhibit "Bomber Boys".  Kenny didn't serve in Europe or in the Air Corps, but instead in the Pacific.  But both his story and Keith Lile's stories are vital parts of the history of Gig Harbor, and the sacrifices they made for our country.

Kenneth Leo Marvin (June 21, 1921-September 15, 2006)

He had already received his training in the Guard, so he became a member of the 39th platoon and sent to San Diego’s Marine Depot for boot camp.  In 1941, the fleet was transferred to Pearl Harbor.  By August, 1941, they were on their way to Wake Island on a cargo ship.  Kenny describes getting on the cargo ship “…we was passing our sea bags up the gang plank and then I was in charge, I was a corporal you know.  And in those days a corporal was kind of a big shot, self-proclaimed, you know.  I’m the judge of that, so carried the last one up and I…not supposed to be anyone on this gang plank and I run into somebody and I says what the hell are you doing here.  I look down, Christ, white shoes, white pants, and the further up I looked was an officer.  Navy officer.  It was my buddy from school here.  He was an ensign on this cargo ship.  I says Secor what the hell are you doing on this rust bucket.  A couple days later I say hey Secor where the devil we going.  He says Wake Island.  I says don’t mean a thing, but it was really comical.”  {NOTE:  I did not find Secor on the list of POW or an oral history}

Wake Island had previously been used by Pan American Airways as a rest stop, fuel stop, on flights between San Francisco and the Philippines.  But otherwise not much.  The marines were setting up the guns “you know…putting our guns in placement and placing (inaudible) these three inch guns are real…they weight six and a half ton and they got outriggers you know like this and like that.  So had to clear all that we worked…we was just out there to put those in because we were supposed to be relieved before Christmas by the third defense which come out from the states. ….”  “….we were supposed to be back in Pearl Harbor for Christmas but it was four years later we got there.”

They got news of the attack on Pearl Harbor around 11 o’clock on December 8th.  Remember Wake Island is on the other side of the International Date Line.  And although Pearl Harbor was 2200-2300 miles away, the Japanese already had planes in the air over the South Pacific.  As Kenny relates “They had brought a truck load of food and a bunch of us were gathered with out mess kits and here comes these airplanes and the next thing was they were dropping bombs and that’s when they got the Pan American Hotel which wasn’t too far from us.  And actually I could see the pilot in the airplane bomber.  At first we though they at the other end of the island where they saw them they thought they was ours because supposed to have been PBYs come in that morning see and there was a patrol of flight patrol but they was up to 13,000 feet.  Japanese came in at 5-600 feet or 1000 feet under low clouds….I just saw these planes and what the hell are they doing and after we heard the explosions and everything we ran to our guns but they were so low, I think we fired a few rounds, but they were going so fast and so low that it was just wasting ammunition for us. …I never really got scared until the last few days.  We were on these guns, I was on the azimuth.  You know I got a crank in each hand and you’re just matching bugs, you hardly ever look up.  Once in a while I’d look up and I could see those bombs coming down you know, but as long as you can see them you are alright..”

On about the 4th day of the bombing the Japanese came in with their ships and tried to take the island.  It took them 3 or 4 days before they could land.  The marines never left their guns,  and they had to move the guns every 2-3 days to avoid being hit.  The civilians on the island would bring food to the marines “They were real good.  There was 1100 of them there…and you hear a lot about they all ran and hid, but hey there were so damned many that helped us we forgot about the ones that didn’t.”  

At first the marines had 12 fighter planes, F4Fs but 7 were destroyed the first morning.  But the 5 remaining planes did the best job they could.  Population of Wake was 1150 civilians and 400 marines against an unknown number of Japanese pilots and marines.

“Well on the second day is when I got hit.  I was ordered to take a tractor and trailer and go to the bridge, there was a bridge across from Wake to Peale and so before I got to that bridge there must have been 50 or 60 civilians filling sand bags for us and.  So I was waiting for this truck to get out of there so I could back this trailer down and get a load of sand bags and so they asked me, let’s see if you can pull it, they couldn’t get the truck out you know so I hooked onto it with this tractor, but before that this Joe Cocachia, he was the civilian in charge of these people, had a string of sand bags you know made a little alley way and so he says run and jump on these things we had then staggered so he hooked me up so I am taking up slack in the line and I look ed back and Jesus everybody is running and so I just turned it off and jumped right over the top of it and I crawled underneath.  And got a pieces of shrapnel in my head.  It glanced off the side of the tractor.  But there were 8 or 9 civilians there that got killed because you know they ran you know.  The ones that stayed in the little sand bags and stuff. …..”  “that’s when they hit the garage and they hit the hospital.  Which was on top of this hospital is a big red cross and everything, but it didn’t mean anything to the Japanese.”

“I just walked back to the…cause I started up this tractor, this caterpillar and Jeez oil was coming-out the sides there was a hole in one of the cylinders bout like that and I says hell I’ll never make it back with this so.  And then me and this Cocachia we went across the bridge to help some of these guys out of the hospital that had been wounded a couple days before, you know.    …. so we get them out of there and there was a big warehouse burning.  I remember this was funny.  This navy officer he comes and he grabbed both and he says I want you to put that fire out.  Shit.  There was no fire trucks or zilch here you know and I started to say something and the civilian he flat told him you know cause he wasn’t he was a civilian, he told damn near to get lost.  He says what the hell you think we can do.”

“They came in at night on the 23rd.  They came in and ran…”

Word came from the higher ups to surrender.  And so they did.  

Again, I want to ask, no beg, you to read Kenny’s complete narrative as I have only reproduced a very small portionleading up to the battle and surrender.  He describes the three camps where he was imprisoned.  

The following are a few debriefing comments about the conditions a Naoetsu:

Japanese Camp officials: 1st Lt Ishigawa camp commander, Sgt Watanabe (the Bird) senior NCO, Sgt Aoki, Sgt Kobiaslu (sp?), interpreter Pvt Kono, Homma civilian mess supervisor. The interpreter was called very cruel and brutal. Watanabe, Aoki, and Kono called "plain, downright inhuman fiends. The worst specimens of mad-men I have ever seen in my life." by the senior American NCO William B Ganci, CPO USN from Canaan, Connecticut. Major David M. Kirk said this, "Sgt Watanabe was the evil genius of this camp...He would have spells when the slightest infraction, imaginary and real, would draw drastic punishment." The interpreter Kono would use "clubs, shovels and the like rather than his fists."..."All this with the smiling consent of Lt. Ishikawa." Watanabe had been at Omori and came to Naoetsu in March 1945 with the POWs transferred there. One of Watanabe's rules was that any POW with dirty shoes had to lick them clean.

Medical care: Japanese sergeant Aoki was in charge of medical care. POW comments about medical care: "(1)Aoki knew nothing about medicine. Nicknamed Gila Monster. (2)Arrogant and very free with blows and punishment. A man had to be almost dead to be excused from work. (3)No medical attention unless you couldn't walk. Our doctors asked for medicine, they would get beaten. Also men with beri beri and other diseases that could hardly walk were beaten (by Sgt Aoki) for asking for a rest pass.(4)The POW population included an American and Australian doctor, American dentist, and about four corpsmen. They were allowed to do almost nothing."

Food: prepared in a galley by POWs under Japanese supervision, carried to barracks in buckets and served there in the individual sections, no tables. POW comments about food: "(1) about 600 grams per day of barley and beans (sometimes). Quantity and quality inadequate. (2)Varied from 500 to 700 grams dry rice daily. A little less than a pint of watery stew with each meal, sometimes dry fish or seaweed substitute. The rice was a mixture of barley and kori usually. Stew could be anything from a few greens to a fair portion of dog or beans or bean curd. (3) One loaf of barley flour bread, no yeast, about 8 oz boiled barley and millet, no seasoning, about two ordinary size soup bowls per day. Boiled kelp and soybean soup. Boiled without seasoning. Lousy, rotten, and tasteless as far as the bread and barley go, but the soup was like sucking your own nose. (4) 300 grams rice, millet, barley mixed/man/day. Small amts. meat (dog, horse, etc) occasionally. Some vegetables mostly daigon or large woody radishes. Bread one meal but flour and water only. Generally all things boiled of necessity but occasionally (1 or 2 a month) fried. Quality was usually poor. Wormy and rotten much of the time." (5) "...we were served an awful red grain-Korean millet, I think-along with dried ferns and seaweed...The seaweed was pulled straight from the ocean and boiled, turning the water into a goop the consistency of snot."

Barracks: One two story wooden building (apparently more barracks were being built at the end of the war) about 40 feet high with apex roof. Approximately 120 feet long by 60 feet wide. Few windows, windows heavily barred. Roof tin or tile, sides covered in tin. POW comments about the barracks: " (1) Just like Granddad's barn. Heavily timbered. (2) concrete 1st floor, tin sides and roof, wooden 2nd floor, few windows and small, beam supports. No double walls, board partitions, each section aisle in middle and double-decked on sides. (3) rough hewn boards for partitions. (4) stalls with small platforms for sleeping. (5) 2 stories of cubicles on each side of aisles upper and lower platforms." Apparently each of the two stories had upper and lower platforms for sleeping.

Latrines: best description from Charles P. Samson, Major USA, from Corvallis, Oregon. (rank may be rank after the war). "Latrines adjacent living quarters, concrete pits at back of barracks. Concrete floor, urinal trough one side, concrete pits other side wooden covered" (typical Japanese straddle type). "Emptied by syphon to river and solid matter hauled out in carts." Heavy rains caused the pits to overflow onto the latrine floor.

Work: officers did administrative work, worked in gardens, odd jobs, on occasion unloaded coal from ship as punishment. Enlisted worked in factories in Naoetsu - steel mill, carbide factory, unloaded ships, barges, trains (usually coal being shipped to factories) POW comments about work: " (1) the worst imaginable conditions, much beating-exceptionally harsh treatment-very hard strenuous work-day and night shifts. (2) conditions were very poor, hard work in rain or snow. Two 12 hour shifts night and day. Very old equipment. (3) dangerous and difficult. Heavy and hot work when undernourished and sick." Some describe 9-10 hour work shift, some 12 hours. POWs worked 7 days a week. Every 5th day they had to change shifts, so one shift worked through two shifts to make that change occur. There was one mention of 2 days off work each month. POWs worked for the Shinetsu Chemical Plant, Nisso Steel Industry, Joetsu Transport Company, and the Naoetsu Bay Transport Company. A POW described unloading coal from ships..."The job was not only dirty but dangerous...when swells came in, the ships rose and fell on the break. We'd approach on heavy barges and have to jump onto rope netting to climb aboard the ship." Next the coal was carried on their backs in wicker baskets up a hill to waiting train cars. The baskets would weigh as much as 100 pounds and they would have to walk on a short wooden plank. People would fall and the drop was about five feet.

Mail: POW comments: "(1) a few, by lot, allowed to write about once a month, mail received once or twice per month. (2) No mail was sent but could be received if the interpreter felt like distributing it. (3) Usually none sent. Small amounts of mail came in but much was not distributed to the men. Some few cards and radiograms sent. (4) I didn't receive any mail while there. I was allowed to write 1 postal card. (5) Very capricious. I sent one, maybe two messages from Naoetsu. One was broadcast and delivered via a recording from a monitor station in USA. Sgt. Watanabe distributed incoming mail to individuals according to his whim. Balance delivered after VJ day. (6) Varied. Later stages could write letter a month. However, it was a farce, since little of it actually was sent."

Treatment: POW comments: "(1) Sadistic, varying with prisoners and guard. (2) We were all beaten on slightest provocation, got little food. (3) Beatings occured every day of individuals and groups. (4) Underfed, continually hazed, physically beaten, occasionally fair but very seldom. (5) Very bad, even worse than in Osaka, which was bad enough. (6) Deplorable, beatings frequent and in general maltreatment. (7) Treated very brutally. Were beat and humiliated on inspection night and morning by Japs. (8) The worst of any camp I had been in. (8) Of all the camps I was in, this was the worst in every respect. Bilibid, Pasay School, Clark Field, and Omori.

© 2012 Harbor History Museum. All rights reserved.

© 2012 Harbor History Museum. All rights reserved.

Emmett Hunt's Diary Entry for September 9, 1885

Still rainy and blowy.  Put in our time with the rowboat making repairs.

© 2012 Harbor History Museum. All rights reserved.

Emmett Hunt's Diary Entry for September 2, 1885

Do for weather.  Make some changes on rowboat and give it a cleaning up.  Nothing else but Shakespeare.

© 2012 Harbor History Museum. All rights reserved.