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Friday, February 26, 2016

Kopa Chuck Lodge-Continuation of Summer Camps on Horsehead Bay Thanks to an Anonymous Reader

     Here are a few bits on Kopa Chuck, if you don't already have them.  The files are numbered in chronological order.  As noted in the newspaper advertisement in attached file #7, in addition to the lodge, Kopa Chuck also had a number of individual cabins.  In the late 1950s when the land was being turned into Kopachuck State Park, the cabins were sold and Spadoni Brothers moved several of them to different locations.  One of the cabins they moved still exists as a house on the hill above Spadoni's equipment yard.  Annette Bannon has several photographs of that cabin being trucked up the hill.  The truck used still exists, though it's now just a rusting hulk.
1 Kopa Chuck Lodge opens in 1938, Seattle Daily Times 5-25-1938 page 18 .jpg2 advertisement for Kopa Chuck Lodge, Seattle Daily Times, 5-25-1938 page 19  .jpg3 Kopa Chuck advertisement, Seattle Daily Times, 5-17-1939 page 25 .jpg4 Kopa Chuck Lodge open for second year, Seattle Daily Times, 6-21-1939 page 18 .jpg5 kopachuck adds horses, looks forward to new Tacoma bridge, SDT 6-26-1940 p 12.jpg6 Booming business at Kopa Chuck, Seattle Daily Times, 7-24-1940 page 8 .jpg7 kopachuck ad SDT 6-18-1941 p17 .jpg8 Kopa Chuck sold SST 6-9-1946 p24 .jpg9 don't know if this is the same Kopa Chuck, Seattle Daily Times, business incorporations, 8-2-1946 page 16 .jpg10 Kopa Chuck artists, Seattle Sunday Times, 8-28-1949 .pdf
© 2012 Harbor History Museum. All rights reserved.

Thursday, February 25, 2016

Summer Camps on Horsehead Bay

Ariel view from Horsehead Bay to Narrows (taken sometime after 1954 when Fox Island Bridge built) Harbor History Museum Collection


Someone asked me if I knew anything about Kopa Chuck Lodge, or if a blog had been written about it.  Personally, until that very moment, I had never heard it’s name.  Nor had I seen anything about it in all my readings about the earliest days on the greater Gig Harbor Peninsula.

Then I happened to find a picture  the internet with the caption reading something like the following: “1925-Buena Vista Point on Horsehead Bay.  A Girl Scout Camp on 22-acre tract of virgin timber land.  The Scouts were housed in 12 cabins behind a large recreation hall and under the supervision of Mrs. Arnold Schrup and Miss Mable Mentor for 6 years.  They held water pageants and also had 12 boats”.

 Otherwise my search was coming up empty until Clark Rowland handed me a paper reading as follows:
Kopachuck Lodge (Harbor History Collection)


Kopachuck Lodge in Horsehead Bay
“Written by Terry Grant Feb. 1979:

“Near the mouth of the bay, on the east side, was a piece of land gently sloping down to a gravely beach.  This was given to the Tacoma Council of Girl Scouts in the early twenties.  The Scouts built a lodge of large logs with a huge stone fireplace at either end.  Small cabins with bunks were built for sleeping quarters.  A very long dock dominated the beach.  All summer long the Girl Scouts came and went, some for a week or two, some for all summer.  Dr, Judd gave the land with the spring on it which supplied water for the camp.  It was a delightful place for a summer camp, with afternoon sun on the beach and lovely tall firs on the hillside to furnish shade.  Unfortunately , the Scouts lost it during the Depression.  The McMasters who held the mortgage ran it as a lodge for several years until it burned down (in 1951).

A few hundred yards away was the Coleman Camp.  Owned and operated by Kenneth Colman of Colman Dock (Seattle) fame, the camp served teenage boys who could not afford a fee for summer camp.  They came from Seattle and the Fauntleroy area.  According to a reliable source both camps were so well organized that they never interfered with each other, nor was there any communication between them.  This camp operated from the twenties well into the forties before it discontinued operations.”

References: Horsehead Bay & vicinity by Alva McKinley
The Arletta Clubhouse by Alva McKinley
A Paper by McAlister Moore with an addendum by Alice Moore
Norma Judd Raver for information about the Girl Scout Camp
My personal recollections - Terry Grant Feb 1979”

Kotachuck Lodge after destroyed by fire in 1951 (Harbor History Museum Collection)

Well, I had found considerable information on James Murray Colman (1832-1906), a Scotsman who immigrated in 1865 and found himself in the Pacific Northwest when he arrived in Seattle by 1872.  This man, and his family, are fascinating.  The Colman and Pierce Families papers covering the period 1872 to 1990 are archived at Archives West.  As you will discover when you visit this site, it contains family papers, photographs and albums kept by the family members including their history as one of the early settlers in Fauntleroy, Seattle, Washington, in 1906.  There are also restrictions on use and written permission must be obtained in writing from MOHAI (Museum of History & Industry) before any reproduction.

Ancestry.com also has considerable information of James Murray Colman, and that are other sites where you may, or may not, find additional information.  James married Agnes Henderson in 1858 and the following year their first son, Laurence James Colman was born in Waukesha County, Wisconsin.  Two years later, their second son, George A. was born, also in Wisconsin.   Some time later, he found himself and family in San Francisco where he was hired to run the Port Madison Sawmill on Kitsap Peninsula.  He then bought a run-down sawmill in Port Orchard which had the unfortunate timing to burn down after he had completely remodeled it in 1869.  Despite being ruined financially he had the good fortune and backing of investors from San Francisco in 1872 to be able to leased and operate the Yesler’s Mill in Pioneer Square, Seattle.  Once again misfortunate struck in the great fire of 1889 destroying all his properties including his wooden frame Colman Building.  But he immediately rebuilt, using brick and making it larger, as well as a four story building.  You can see it today on First Avenue in Pioneer Square when you visit Seattle.  He also built a second building on Main Street.

Historylink.org tells that James was involved in more than just operating sawmills:  although he was an engineer, he was also a property owner and developer, and in many ways a visionary.   Seattle always felt that they would be chosen as the terminus for the railroad when Northern Pacific reached Washington Territory,  But they were sadly disappointed because Tacoma received that honor in 1873.  So James got a few friends together and they formed their own railroad,  Seattle & Walla Walla Railroad, and built Colman’s Dock (presently Pier 52) which became naturally a hub for maritime business driving in many ways by the Klondike Gold Rush of 1897.

But, you are probably thinking ‘what’s all this about Seattle and Colman, aren’t you suppose to be telling us about the summer camps on Horsehead Bay?’  Well, yes, but James Murray Colman had acquired several thousand feet of waterfront on Horsehead Bay in 1900, where he and his family spent many summers enjoying the bay, the views of the Olympics to the west.  It was on this property in 1937, when his granddaughter, Isabel Colman Pierce, built a cabin on the property.  And in 1998, when Colman’s great-grandson Jack Pierce and his wife, Leilia, made the cabin their retirement home.  There is an article in Old House online describing the remodel of the cabin by The Johnson Partnership out of Seattle.

It was on this property that James and his son, Laurence, started in 1912 bringing campers from the Downtown Congregational Church to spend time during the summers.  The program was expanded to also bring children from Fauntleroy in West Seattle where they had been living, and where they became very active in the YMCA.  The Seattle YMCA Organization held 100 Years celebration honoring this Camp Colman, although by 2012, Camp Colman had moved from the original location to Whitman’s Cove in 1965.  They explained the history: History & Facility Enhancements:
In 1912, the Colman family welcomed campers from the Downtown Congregational Church to their property at Horsehead Bay. The program expanded to include children from the Fauntleroy YMCA located in West Seattle. Camp Colman moved to its current location on Whiteman’s Cove in 1965 to allow for more space to grow. 

Originally built to accommodate about 120 campers at a time, Camp Colman’s Anderson Lodge now serves approximately 220 campers attending per session during the summer. Expansion of Anderson Lodge and other renovations are also marking the Centennial. Enhancements include new bathrooms on the main floor, an improved kitchen, new floors, upgraded safety features, an expanded deck around the building to enjoy stunning views of the Olympics, a new staff lounge area and a history wall. 

Over the past 40 years, Camp Colman has added new cabins to accommodate steady growth and, in the past three years, the new Freeman Village has added space for 48 more campers or guests. These improvements are increasing Camp Colman’s year-round appeal for programs such as Women’s Wellness Weekends, retreats and Outdoor Environmental Education. 

“We’re thrilled to enter Camp Colman’s next century with these important enhancements,” said Dave Bell, Overnight Camps Executive for the YMCA of Greater Seattle. “We aim for all aspects of the camp experience to positively impact kids and support our work to instill values that are the building blocks for success.” 
The Colman-Pierce Family histories are so very interesting I couldn’t help but share a very little bit of it, and after all it does have a Gig Harbor connection, doesn’t it?  I still haven’t discovered the history of Kopa Chuck Lodge and its Girl Scout Camp, and I have written to the Tacoma Council of Girl Scouts of Western Washington to see if they have anything to shed more light on the little piece of their history on Horsehead Bay.
Two girls taking a ride in a canoe off Arletta (Harbor History Museum Collection)

© 2012 Harbor History Museum. All rights reserved.

Wednesday, February 24, 2016

Emmett Hunt's Diary Entry for March 18, 1885

A trifle water and quite sunny.  Roamed around home and did some writing and that was about all.

© 2012 Harbor History Museum. All rights reserved.

Wednesday, February 17, 2016

Emmett Hunt's Diary Entry for March 11, 1885

Better in fact a very medium day.  Logging again among the black sticks and boring a little into rotten logs.

© 2012 Harbor History Museum. All rights reserved.

Thursday, February 11, 2016

The Buffalo Soldier



The other day I found myself driving on an unfamiliar street, and as I reached the intersection of South Wilkeson and South 19th in Tacoma, Washington I happened to notice a very small black and white sign.  It pointed the direction to the Ninth and Tenth Horse Cavalry Buffalo Soldiers Museum.  The Buffalo Museum, 1940 S Wilkeson St., Tacoma, WA 98405, (253)272-4257, Soldiersmuseum@aol.com, open Wednesday and Saturday or by appointment.

It reminded me that February was just around the corner (although when you read this it will already be February).  I immediately thought that the Buffalo Soldier was a perfect subject for February as it is known as the National Month of the African-American History, formerly Black History Month.

To my knowledge, few, if any, Buffalo Soldiers made their homes on the Gig Harbor Peninsula.  But several found their homes in Tacoma and other areas in the Washington Territory.  But too many people have overlooked the history of these men and their contributions and service to the greater society not only in the United States, but also throughout the world.

Perhaps you have fleeting memories of seeing the Buffalo Soldiers in the westerns as they rode also the sparsely settled territories west of the Mississippi chasing the Indians, and protecting the wagon Trains.  Or perhaps, you recall seeing the all-African American troops fighting in Italy during the Second World War.  

Let’s explore a little more about this famous group of American soldiers.   Wikipedia tells us that the 10th Cavalry Regiment of the United States was formed after the Civil War in 1866.  They received the name of “Buffalo Soldier”, according to the stories, that after engaging in battle with a band of Cheyenne warriors that there were soldiers “who had fought like a cornered buffalo; who like the buffalo had suffered wound after wound, yet had not died; and who like a buffalo had a thick and shaggy mane of hair.”

The list of wars, or engagements, that the 10th Cavalry Regiment has been engaged in is staggering:
(again taken for Wikipedia’s article): Indian Wars; Spanish-American War; Philippine-American War; Mexican Expedition; World War I era combat on Mexican border; World War II, Vietnam War; Iraq War; and Afghan War. 

Although I have not found any information regarding the Buffalo Soldiers participating in the 1855 Indian Wars of the Puget Sound, we must remember that they were formally formed as a all Black regiment in 1855 when Congress reorganized the regular Army.  By allowing the soldiers which had served honorably during the Civil War to continue to serve, many men were kept from the ranks of the unemployed.  Of course there were also few jobs for them elsewhere as  free men.  It also allowed them to continue to be eligible for regular pay checks, education, medical treatment, pensions and shelter unavailable otherwise.

I happened across two isolated pieces of information about these men that I wanted to share:  

The first, was a couple entries about the first African-American female soldier who enlisted for a three-year term of engagement in November 1866 in the U.S. Regular Army, and was assigned to the 38th Infantry Regiment, Company A, Buffalo Soldiers, as a Private.  However since women were prohibited from serving, she enlisted as “William” and gave her occupation as cook.  She had served as such after being captured by the 8th Indiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment at age 17, serving in Jefferson City, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Georgia.  Later she served in Washington DC under General Sheridan.  It is a mystery as to how she managed to serve two years and one month, despite examinations by Army Surgeons, being in the hospital two or three times, before it finally was discovered that “William” in fact was not William at all, but instead a woman.  Following her discharge, her personal life was a disaster both in health and personal existence. “A reporter from St. Louis heard rumors of a female African-American who had served in the army, and came to interview her.  Her life and military service narrative was published in The St. Louis Times on 2 January 1876.” 

She moved to New Mexico, Pueblo, Colorado and finally to Trinidad, Colorado working as either a cook or as a seamstress.  By 1890 she spent considerable time in the hospital, and so applied to the US Army for a pension based upon time served.  In 1891 a doctor employed by the Pension Bureau examined her and “despite the fact she suffered from neuralgia and diabetes, had had all her toes amputated, and could only walk with a crutch, the doctor decided she did not qualify for disability payments.  Her application was rejected.”  Cathay Williams died shortly thereafter.  It is believed the year was 1892, originally buried in Trinidad, but her burial site is unknown.

This tribute to Cathay Williams can be found with detailed additional information gathered on her at the site entitled Female Buffalo Soldier - With Documents.  It includes her story “Cathay Williams in Cowboy Poetry written by Linda Kirkpatrick, July 1999.

The second, the former slave and first African-American to graduate from the US Military Academy at West Point in 1877:  Henry Ossian Flipper

Second Lieutenant Henry O. Flipper was born March 21, 1856 in Thomasville, GA, Died May 3, 1940, Atlanta, GA.  His gifts are all the more remarkable when you consider his education began as age 8 “in the wood shop of another slave.”  From that humble schooling, he went on to attend schools run by the American Missionary Association, and entered Atlanta University when it opened in 1869.    After spending four years and graduating from university, he “wrote to James Freeman, a newly-elected Georgia congressman, asking him to be appointed to West Point.  Freeman responded that he would recommend him if he proved “worthy and qualified”.  A series of letters were exchanged between the two, ultimately resulting in Freeman’s forwarding Flipper’s nomination to the Secretary of War.  Henry passed the required examinations and officially entered the academy on July 1, 1873.

As a cadet Flipper excelled in engineering, law, French and Spanish and was ranked 50th in a class of 76 when he graduated from West Point in 1877.”   Following graduation he was appointed to Fort Sill, Indian Territory, as a member of Troop A, 10th Cavalry.  While at Fort Sill, where he served as post engineer he was order to “construct a new drainage system to eliminate a number of stagnant ponds blamed for causing malaria. …in 1977, Flipper’s Ditch was designated a National Historic Landmark.”

Unfortunately though while stationed at Fort Davis, Texas, his successes ran into difficulties while serving  Colonel Wm. R. Shafer who removed Flipper as quartermaster.  At the same time, Flipper discovered the commissary funds had been removed from his trunk.  While Flipper hunted for the money, he lied to the Colonel.  Charged with embezzlement, he was convicted of misconduct and unhonorably discharged in 1881.

Flipper moved to Arizona where he opened his own civil and mining engineering office.  By 1893 he was employed as special agent for the Court of Land Claims by the Department of Justice.  He translated Spanish documents into English, surveyed land grants, and on occasion appeared as expert witness in court.

In 1901 he moved to Mexico where he worked for a mining company as their resident engineer but when the Mexican Revolution in 1919started he moved to El Paso and worked for a subcommittee for the US Senate.  Then it was working as special assistant to the Secretary of Interior, the Alaskan Engineering Commission and for a New York based oil company from 1923 to 1930.

And during all this time, Flipper worked to have his name cleared and army rank restored.  Unfortunately, by the time he died at age 84 in 1940, nothing had been successful.  It took the Civil Rights period to bring his story to light, and in 1976 the US Army reviewed his case, awarded him honorable discharge dating back to June 30, 1892.

And, final in 1999, President Clinton pardoned Henry Ossian Flipper.  To discover more about this remarkable man, perhaps you can locate a copy of his autobiography “The Colored Cadet at West Point, Black Frontiersman” (1878; 1898; 1997 Texas Christian University); “Spanish and Mexican Land Wars:  New Spain & New Mexico”  (Department of Justice 1895); “Negro Frontiersman: The Western Memoirs of Henry O. Flipper “(1963)



References:

  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathay_Williams
  • www.buffalosoldier.net/CathayWilliamsFemaleBuffaloSoldierWithDocuments
  • www.buffalosoldier.net/HenryO.Flipper2.htm
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ossian_Flipper
© 2012 Harbor History Museum. All rights reserved.

Wednesday, February 10, 2016

Emmett Hunt's Diary for March 4, 1885

Somewhat rainy and blowy as seems to be quite customary nowadays.  Did more logging & clearing.

© 2012 Harbor History Museum. All rights reserved.

Thursday, February 4, 2016

Anderson Island

  

We learned a small part of the history of McNeil Island in the last blog.  Now let’s find out a little about its neighbor “Anderson, McNeil and Eagle Islands lie approximately half way between Olympia, the capital of Washington State, and the city of Tacoma in what is called by boatmen “upper Puget Sound.”

McNeil Island is no doubt the best known nationally of all Puget Sound islands because established there on in 1870 is the oldest federal penitentiary in the United States.

Anderson Island, on the other hand, is just another island.  Nothing of the national fame or interest has ever placed it in the limelight.  It lies directly south of McNeil Island and is the most southerly located of all Puget Sound islands.  The south end of Anderson Island lies cradled in Nisqually Reach where the luscious salmon are tempted by casting and trolling fisher folk.

Eagle Island, like a hyphen in a compound word, lies almost mid-way between the two larger island in Batch Passage, the principal water route connecting the upper Sound ports with the rest of Puget Sound and the Pacific Ocean.”  “Island Memoir, A Personal History of Anderson and McNeil Islands” by Betsey John Cammon.  1969   The Valley Press, Inc., Puyallup, Washington

Once again, it was Commander Charles Wilkes who named the island in 1841 while on the same journey he made to reach Fort Nisqually where Hudson’s Bay Company had a post under their representative and chief trader, Alexander Caulfield Anderson.  And so, as was his wont, Wilkes named the island closest to Fort Nisqually after Anderson.

Throughout its history though it was also called ‘Fisgard” in 1846, and in 1870-1880 ‘Wallace’ which is why Betsey Johnson Cammon’s birth certificate states her place of birth as Wallace Island.

Rather than going into detail about the settlers - farmers, loggers, fishermen, boat people, I’d like to share 3 separate items in Betsey’s “Island Memoirs” that really caught my attention.  One is about one of the first men to explore the island, one is a legend, and one is about the first family to settle.  

I believe that you would gain far more knowledge about the island’s history is you were to arrange a visit with the Anderson Island Historical Society.  Their phone number is 253-884-2135, their address is 9306 Otso Point Road, Anderson Island, WA 98303-9653.  They can also fill in much of the missing information on McNeil Island.  I also recommend you read both Betsey’s book, “Island Memoirs” but also “Island in the Sound” by Hazel Heckman.  Both are available through the Peninsula Gig Harbor Library.

Now, on with the first man, or men, to leave a written record of their time on Anderson Island:

Michal Fleenen Luark and his brother, Patterson Fletcher Luark, were two young men born in Virginia were used to traveling westward while growing up.  So it was only natural that as adults they continued their journey.  Patterson had already decided to travel to the Oregon Territory, and in 1853 when the sawmill Michael owned and operated was not bringing in enough money to support his family of five children and his wife he decided to accompany his brother.  Nor was his farm profitable and as a teacher he definitely earning enough to support them.  On top of that he suffered from poor health.  

News of those who had already drifted back to the Midwest, a few books such as Gustave Hines* “Life on the Plains of the Pacific”, and of course the passing of the Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 (not to be confused with the Homestead Act which was passed in 1862) all worked upon the desires of people wanting to better their lives.  Michael must have imagined that as a family he would able to claim 640 acres and as a result provide not only for his family, but for their future generations.

He and Patterson set off on their journey, and along the way they each kept a diary.  Patterson’s is short descriptive sentences whereas Michael’s is much more in depth.  All his papers are owned by the University of Washington, and held in their archives.  (Interesting they comprise of “circa 3.21 cubic feet (4 boxes) plus 15 microfilm reels”.  Their diaries were published by the Oregon-California Trails Association, Independence, MO, 1998 “From the Old Northwest to the Pacific Northwest”.  Edited by Howard Jablon and Kenneth R. Elkins.)  

It is from these diaries that Betsey Johnson Cannom quoted:  “The first authentic description of Wallace Island is found in a diary by Michael Luark, an early logger here.  An excerpt  dated April 6, 1854, reads, “Took a job of cutting wood on Wallace Island at $3.00 a cord.  Provided with blankets rode over on a scow from Steilacoom with a man named Ballard, sharing the scow with a team.”  Betsey goes on “He mentions cutting pole on the west side of the island.  He used three yoke of cattle in his work.  And he complained constantly of the rain.  He tells of “laurel” that grows very large, as much as two feet in diameter, and “blackjack pine.”  He says Cole complained-he wanted fir wood.  One entry records Luark finding a fern stalk six-foot-one-inch tall.  He mentions black huckleberry and dogwood being in full bloom.  He saw deer, raccoons, and otters.  One Sunday he climbed a 300-foot bluff and found a body of water one and one-half miles long, and about 80 rods wide, running east and west with a bend to the north in the middle.  further exploration revealed a small marsh on the south side of the lake with a little stream running through and expanding into another lake.  From this lake a small stream led off into the bay and in about 20 rods fell into a deep gully reaching the salt water.”  Are you anxious to discover more of his story?  I discovered it available at Barnes & Noble on line where you can obtain a paperback copy for $14.10 plus shipping and taxes.  

The first settlers involves a love story, disinheritance and seamen.  “When the lovely daughter of a German baron fell in love and eloped with a young Danish footman, she was disinherited.  The young Dane took his bride to Denmark.  Their son, Hans Andersen Christensen, a sail maker, married the daughter of a minister of Denmark.  Her name was Sophia Dorothea.  Sophia is described by a granddaughter, Etta Christensen Wallace, as “a wonderful, devout Christian woman.”  Their family consisted of ten children, six sons (John Christian, Hans, Andrew, Jacob and Peter) and four daughters, (Christina, Mary, Katrina and Sophia).  When the southern part of Denmark, Schleswig-Holstein, was taken over by Germany, Sophia vowed that none of her sons should ever serve in the German army.  Consequently she encouraged her boys to go to sea at a very early young age.  Etta Wallace states that her father, Andrew Nelsen Christensen, went to sea when he was 14 years old.  Their home was near the sea at Assens on the island of Fyen.  It was by ship that the sons found their way to the west coast of America.  Eventually the entire family came.”  According to Betsey in her memoir, Chapter III, First Settlers. 

Oh, I forgot the legend didn’t I?  Not really, and I will recount it in Betsey’s words:  “An old legend goes something like this:  Long, long ago an Indian chief came down the Columbia River and settled somewhere west of The Dalles.  He had two sons and they quarreled over who should rule the country.  The Chief took two arrows and shot one to the north, telling his older son to “go find it and that will be your country.”  He became the progenitor of the Squally tribe.  The Chief then shot the other arrow to the south, likewise telling his son younger son to search for the arrow and that country would be his.  This son became the progenitor of the Multnomah tribe.  Then the Great Spirit reared a range of mountains between the two brothers.”  Island Memoirs, Chapter I, page 8, Before the Settlers Came.

Betsey goes directly on from this telling of the legend into what has become known as the first trial in Pierce County which involves a dispute between the Snoqualmies and Skewahamish against the Squallys.  The dispute started evidently when stories of the Squally Chief, Lahalet’s treatment of his wife, a Snoqualmie chief’s daughter.  During the ensuing commotion a shot was fired causing the Snoqualmies to rush the gate.  Suddenly more shots were exchanged between the Indians and the soldiers.  Two American soldiers did not return to the fort before the gate was closed.  Leander Wallace was killed and the other American, Lewis, was hit in the arm by one bullet and a second one went through his vest and trousers.  Leander Wallace was not related to William Henson Wallace, a friend of President Lincoln and whose name was given to the island for a short time during the 1870/1880s.  A much longer essay on Leander Wallace submitted by Gary Reese can be found on the internet.  

The Indian Legend Betsey told in her book can also be found in “History of Pierce County, William P. Bonney, Chicago:  Pioneer Historical Publishing Company, 1927, Vol. I.  A 10 page document on Nusqually (anglicized form of Squally) Mythology can also be found on the internet.


Notes:
  • University Libraries University of Washington, Guide to the Michael Fleenen Luark Papers
  • Nusqually Mythology
  • Leander Wallace Submitted by Gary Reese
  • Island Memoir by Betsey Johnson Cammon
  • Wikipedia Gustave Hines



© 2012 Harbor History Museum. All rights reserved.

Wednesday, February 3, 2016

Emmett Hunt's Diary Entry for February 25, 1885

Very rainy all day.  Played Whist all the A.M. and in P.M. cut some more wood.

© 2012 Harbor History Museum. All rights reserved.